资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
历史中的兔子:早在三国时期就用兔毛制笔****** 从“玉兔捣药”到“小兔子乖乖,把门儿开开”,兔子已经陪人们走过了漫长的岁月。在中国古代,兔子究竟是什么样的存在?2023年新春之际,华西都市报、封面新闻记者邀请中国社会科学院考古研究所科技考古中心副主任吕鹏,聊聊历史中的兔子究竟是什么样的。 兔鼠分道扬镳于6200万年前 《诗经》已记载兔肉食用方式 虽然在大众看来,兔子毛茸茸的很可爱,但吕鹏告诉记者,其实兔子跟鼠之间,有着密切的关系,“从骨骼形态上看,兔(属于兔形目)和鼠(属于啮齿目)都拥有终身生长的门齿,表明兔和鼠之间有着密切的关系,现代分类学创始人林奈在1735年将兔和鼠一起列入啮齿动物。” 而它们分道扬镳,是在6200万年前。20世纪70年代,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所李传夔先生研究安徽潜山早古新世(距今约6200万年前)地层出土的动物遗存,发现有“安徽模鼠兔”和“东方晓鼠”。其中安徽模鼠兔为兔形类动物的祖先类型,而东方晓鼠接近于啮齿动物的祖先类型,二者在骨骼形态上具有相互交混的特征,这就表明一方面鼠兔同源,另一方面二者至少在6200万年前已经分道扬镳,兔形类和啮齿类动物走上了各自独立演化的道路。 吕鹏告诉记者,家兔传入我国的时间较晚。在我国古代,野兔的利用价值主要是在肉食、狩猎宠物、祭祀、药用、皮毛开发等方面。“兔头在四川人的美食版图上不可或缺,成都人称为兔脑壳,”吕鹏说,“其实在中国古代,野兔的主要用途就是肉食来源。”据《诗经·小雅·瓠叶》中记载:“有兔斯首,炮之燔之……有兔斯首,燔之炙之……有兔斯首,燔之炮之”,描绘了西周时期普通人家将捕获的野兔通过炮、燔、炙等加工方式制作成美食待客的情形。所谓“炮”就是将带毛的动物裹上泥放在火上烧;“燔”指的是用火烤熟食物,而“炙”则是熏烤的意思。据《礼记》记载,正式的宴请当备“六牲”作为荤菜,即豕、牛、羊、鸡、鱼、雁,兔子并未列入其中。虽然只备了兔肉,但主人换了三种不同的烹饪方式,可见其用心。 但在中国古代也有另一种说法,那就是孕妇不能食兔肉。东汉《论衡·命义篇》中有过记载:“妊妇食兔,子生缺唇”。“当然这是没有科学根据的迷信说法。”吕鹏解释道。除此之外,兔毛皮保暖性能好、不易缠结,可用以制裘,兔皮可以熬胶,兔毛还可以用来做兔毫毛笔。明代《齐民要术》中转录三国时期韦诞的《笔方》中有写“先次以铁梳兔毫及羊青毛”,可见用兔毛制笔的历史可以早到三国时期。 古人曾以活兔陪葬 新石器时代就有兔形玉器 在文物里,也有不少以兔为题材或者是兔子形象的文物。仅是故宫博物院,就有商代的玉兔、汉代的兔猴铜带钩、唐代的瓷兔、宋代的三彩剔划花兔纹枕、元代的白玉兔形佩、明代的双兔图页等藏品。 “按照文物材质来看,在玉石材质文物、陶质文物、青铜器和画像石中常见兔的形象。”吕鹏告诉记者。以距今5300年左右新石器时代的安徽含山凌家滩遗址为例,在此墓地M10中出土有玉兔饰1件,是迄今为止发现年代最早的兔形玉器。 山西曲村晋侯墓地8号墓出土的青铜兔尊,则是目前发现最早的、以兔作为尊的青铜器。兔头微伸,呈跃跃欲试状,背上驮一尊口,兔身两侧饰圆形的火纹和雷纹。 而在山东嘉祥宋山4号祠堂东壁的东汉画像石中的兔子,则可以代表世俗和神话中两种不同的“兔”形象。吕鹏说:“在画像的上侧,东王公居中,马头、鸡头、狗头带翼神人跪于左右两侧;在画像左侧有面对面站立的两兔,分别用一只前肢扶臼,一只前肢握杵,似在捣药;在画像的下侧,厨房的房梁上悬挂着鱼、鸡、猪头、猪和兔等,这些都是准备烹饪的肉食。” “山东济南洛庄汉墓的陪葬坑,是目前出土动物数量最多、种类最丰富的遗存。”吕鹏说,洛庄汉墓是西汉诸侯王级别的墓,编号为34号的大型动物陪葬坑中出土动物遗存共有110余具,动物种属包括绵羊、猪、狗、兔等4种。其中,兔有45只。 吕鹏告诉记者,在这其中比较特别的是,该坑放置了两个兔笼。西侧木笼保存较好,长度1.8米,宽度0.47米,笼中发现多只完整兔骨,“根据笼中兔骨凌乱、笼外可能为外逃之兔的考古现象推测,当时陪葬的是活兔。”(华西都市报-封面新闻记者 刘可欣) (来源:华西都市报 2023年1月29日 A12版) (文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |